By studying legal texts, doctrine and jurisprudence of Iran, several examples can be found in which non-Opposability, not as proof of the dispute, but as existence of legal elements, has been talked about. This concept of non-Opposability, that is a kind of legal sanction, despite the reflection and use in domestic law, remains unclear and no exact conceptualization has been made. Moreover, the position of this sanction, along with other legal sanctions in the domestic system, is not clear, and as a result of this ambiguity, the effectiveness and application of this sanction in domestic law, due to the confusion of this concept with existing concepts, has sometimes been questioned or rejected. This study seeks on the one hand by defining the concept of non-Opposability in its origin, it means French law, clear this concept in Iran law and on the other hand, by comparing this legal institution with similar concepts and the distinct boundaries of concepts, explain the position of this sanction in domestic law and prevents from confusion of existing concepts in this field.

The discussion of civil liability arising from algorithmic losses - mostly investigated as civil liability of artificial intelligence or liability arising from the use of artificial intelligence is nascent /aborning in the legal literature. thinking algorithms require a special civil liability system in case of losses Due to the unique characteristics of self-learning, randomness, unpredictability and autonomy. The general theory of Opposability can be a guide in such new cases, too. However, having a transparent and pragmatic criterion and standard to compare the harmful algorithm with similar cases to determine its normal operation is associated with challenges. Determining the scope of the concept of reasonable algorithms, in terms of their unknown nature and inherent complexities, needs to be investigated. By examining the existing obstacles, this research pursues the re-examination of reasonable algorithms with a mixture criterion: A standard that creates incentives for technological and innovative spaces, compensates for the damage, improves the safety level of algorithms and realises the appropriate flexibility to face new generations of technology. Rereading the Opposability theory (causality customary) in the field of algorithms with conventional and reasonable efficiency, as well as adapting this general theory in dealing with the losses arising from the use of thinking algorithms, is the main result of ​​the authors' efforts in this article

The system of land property is a pluralistic system that is uniquely organized in each society based on the legal basis and necessity of that society. This pluralism can also be found to a large extent in land registration systems and the substantive effect of registration on the contractual transfer of immovable property. In such a way that some systems concentrate on creation effect of registration and others on Opposability. The question, however, remains whether these different effects are due to the pluralism of the land property systems.On the other hand, Developments in the Iranian land registration system after 2016, which took place with the presentation of the Guardian Council's advisory opinion and the adoption of the Permanent Development Provisions Act, raised the question of the status of registration formalism in the contractual land transfer in Iran.In this study, based on the library studies and refer to legal documents method of collecting information and descriptive-analytical research method, with a comparative study of the three systems of England, Switzerland and France -as three model systems in the field of land property and registration– We concluded that the diversity of land registration systems is directly due to the diversity of countries' land property systems. In this regard, based on the two descriptions of absoluteness or exclusiveness, land property systems are divided into Property systems and Estate systems. In Property systems such as France, the land registration has an opposablility effect; While in Estate systems such as the England and Switzerland, registration has a creative effect.Accordingly, and within the framework of the ownership structure that has been established in the Iranian Land and Deeds Registration Act of 1931, land registration is still a title by registration system and developments after 2016 have only targeted the need to prepare notarial documents.

The current research was conducted with the aim of the effect of attachment style on emotion regulation with the mediating role of identity style. The research method was descriptive and structural equation analysis. The statistical population of the research was all second year high school students of Kashan city in the academic year of 1400-1401, of which 500 people were selected by random cluster method. Data were collected based on three questionnaires: Gross & Jan (2003) Emotional Regulation Inventory, Identity Style Scale (6G-ISI) and Collins and Reid (1990) Attachment Style Questionnaire. The data are obtained by structural equation modeling and using Laserl 8.8 and 26 spss software. analyzed. Based on the results, secure attachment style at a significance level of 0.01, avoidant attachment style at a significance level of 0.05, and ambivalent attachment style at a significance level of 0.01 directly predicted emotion regulation. Among the three attachments, secure attachment style predicted emotion regulation at a significant level of 0.01, with the mediation of identity styles. Informational identity style at a significance level of 0.01, confused identity style at a significance level of 0.05 directly predicted emotion regulation. Among the three attachments, only the secure attachment style at a significance level of 0.01 had a significant role in predicting the normative identity style. According to the results of this study, emotion regulation is one of the most important constructs of educational psychology and an important factor in determining mental health and successful performance. It is in education that the factors affecting emotion regulation and its antecedents should be identified. Planning for training and holding educational workshops in this field in schools is suggested for students.

One of the important issues in the production of concrete is environmental variability that affects the concrete and elements constructed from this material. Due to the importance of different characteristics of concrete in short- and long-term conditions, this article aims to investigate the influence of initial temperature conditions of self-compacting concrete on its long-term characteristics and determine the initial optimal temperature of concrete. For these purposes, several experiments under three temperature conditions of 5, 20, and 40 degree-of-Celsius were conducted to evaluate the rheology and mechanical properties of fresh concrete in the range of 7 and 28 days. In these experiments, alternative mineral admixtures of cement such as micro-silica, fly ash, and zeolite were used to build the concrete specimens. Results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of the specimens increase with increasing initial temperature in the short term, while such properties significantly decrease in the long term compared to the specimens constructed under lower initial temperature. Moreover, the fluidity of self-compacting concrete increases with increasing initial temperature.

The effect of number of mating on longevity and fecundity of the predatory mite Euseius scutalis Athias-henriot was studied under laboratory conditions (at 25±1 ºC, 60 ± 5 % RH and 16: 8 L:D). Newly emerged adult females (less than 24 h) were held individually in a 9 cm arena. A male (less than 24 h) remained with a female for limited periods of time or continuously. Four treatments were designed: virgin females, single mated females, multiple mated females (female had access to a male every five days), multiple mated females (female had continuous access to a male). Mating was necessary for oviposition. Virgin females lived the longest (25 days). However, no significant differences were found among longevity of mated females (12- 15). Similarly, no significant differences were detected among fecundity of females with different numbers of mating (18- 22 eggs). Sex ratio was significantly female-biased in progeny of single mated females and multiple mated females with periodic access to male. However, no significant difference was found in sex ratio of progeny of multiple mated females with continuous access to male.

Introduction: Various factors affect the distribution of stress and fracture resistance of restored teeth by post and core. One of the major causes is the remaining body of the teeth, (ferrule) which was embraced by crown. The purpose of this study was to asses the effect of developing the ferrule via a crown lengthening procedure, on the fracture strength of endodontically treated teeth. Materials & Methods: 24 recently extracted second premolar of mandible was selected in this descriptive study and their crowns were cut so far that no more than 15 mm of the root remained. Then they were divided randomly into two groups of 12 and their canals were undergone rootcanal therapy. In the first group, a post–core and full metal crowns were made without ferrule, while in the second group with changing in the optimum ratio of the crown/root height, 2mm ferrule was designed and then the cast post- core and full-metal crowns were made. Finally, in both groups, a compressive load with 1 mm per minute speed and an angle to 150 on the long axis of the tooth was applied. The force was exerted in mesial marginal ridge, in 7 teeth and on the buccal cusp edge in the other 5 teeth to induce fracture. Statistical analysis of the data was performed with student t-test, chi-square and two-way ANOVA analyses. Results: 1. There was a significant difference between the mean of fracture load in the ferrule and non-ferrule groups (P<0.001). 2. No significant difference in the mean fracture load was observed when the load was applied in the buccal-cusp edge instead of mesial marginal ridge. Conclusion: By adding a 2 mm cervical ferrule on top of the finishing line of mandibular premolars restored by cast post-core and crown, we can increase the fracture resistance of these teeth.

Non-Opposability is a sanction that came from French law to Iranian law and has taken examples in Iran's law, judicial procedure and legal doctrine. The flow of this sanction is where the rules protecting the rights of third parties, such as the need to register and publish or comply with the form, etc., in creating legal elements such as a contract, are not observed by the persons involved such as the parties to the contract. In Iranian law, this sanction is included among sanctions and legal situations such as nullity, lack of Influence and Mora’a and it raises the question that how efficient are these sanctions and legal situations for non-observance of the rules protecting the rights of third parties compared to non-Opposability?Since efficiency is a basic concept in economics, which has several criteria for its evaluation, this research, using the efficiency evaluation criteria in economics, describes and analyzes the non-Opposability from an economic point of view and in comparison with other sanctions and legal situations in Iran's laws. The result of this research is the economic efficiency of the non-Opposability, among other sanctions in Iranian law, from the point of view of Pareto and Kaldor-Hicks efficiency criteria, relation to the situation of non-compliance with the rules protecting the rights of third parties.